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The brothers spread throughout the world.

Tarsis Brothers, Nineveh, Corinth, Rome, Sodom, Transylvania.

And many remembered places.

wish for you, all my desire, so far limited the meat.

Happy New Year, and energy to keep this coming.

I let the words of the greatest:

"Be harmless as doves and wise as serpents."

A hug. ****

And many remembered places

Kates Playground Legs

"CHILDREN AND ADULTS USING THE SAME PAY ATTENTION TO BRAIN REGIONS?

Well, we reached the end of year celebrations and I think today is a good day to raise the Blog this week. This time I'll upload an entry written by Martha Beatriz Moreno-related brain differences between children and adults to pay attention.

"CHILDREN AND ADULTS USING THE SAME PAY ATTENTION TO BRAIN REGIONS?

Apparently yes, but with different intensity and specificity. Childhood and adult brain is different in form and function in some aspects. For example, children have more gray matter (neuron bodies) and less white matter (neuronal axons) than adults. As we grow the white matter increases as the axons of myelinated neurons, ie, fat covering that allows for better conduction of nerve signals. But he also noted that to solve the childhood and adult brain functions differently. To explore such differences Konrad and colleagues (2005) conducted an MRI study which involved 32 subjects (16 adults from 20 to 34 years and 16 children from 8 to 12 years). Each participant had to attend to visual stimuli presented on a screen inside the scanner magnet. In children and adults presented the same set of images composed of different visual stimuli: fixing (a cross), warning (asterisk) and target images (5 arrows) presented as a column. Each participant had to be vigilant in identifying when the image appeared of 5 arrows. Main focus should be put in the direction of the arrow in the middle to press the left button of a keypad near your hand when that arrow pointing to the left or the right button when pointing to the right. (See Figure 1)

Figure 1. Visual stimuli presented to subjects (in Konrad et al., 2005:431)

The results showed that all participants selected the same region, but children and adults had different patterns of activación. Al estar alerta, se activó principalmente una región de la corteza frontal llamado giro del cíngulo frontal derecho (figura 2A) y una estructura subcortical denominada tallo cerebral (figura 2B), el cual es la continuación de las fibras que conforman la médula espinal. Las discrepancias en el tamaño de las barras corresponden a diferencias en la intensidad de señal provocada por los diferentes cambios metabólicos (oxigenación) neuronales de niños y adultos al resolver la tarea. Las barras rojas corresponden a la activación neuronal al estar alertas a las imágenes sin pista y las barras verdes a las imágenes de alerta con pista (doble asterisco). Los autores sugieren que las observed differences are due to different processing mechanisms in children and adults.

Figure 2. Brain activation to the task of alerting images with or without tracks (asterisk).

Seeing the stimulus and to identify if all the column arrows point to the same direction (congruent) or not (mismatch), adults had greater activation in superior parietal cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus than boys (Figure 3A and B) and greater activation in the superior temporal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus in children than in adults (Figure 3C and D). The authors believe that these results give evidence of immaturity of neural networks (parietofrontales) on cognitive tasks. Conclude that the results provide evidence that the attentional system is functional but immature children compared to adults, children showed a more diffuse activation pattern that covers more areas of brain regions than adults. This nature reflects immaturity of the system during childhood, which gets more focus and specialize in the development and experience.

Figure 3. Differences in brain activation between children and adults to address visual stimuli

Research Konrad and colleagues is respectable given the complexity of doing fMRI with children because of the difficulty of having the cooperation, following instructions and stillness that the child should have during the study of resonance magnetic and the importance of their results as they provide evidence of differences in cognitive processing reflected in neural activation differences. This work allows a better understanding of brain functioning children with cognitive tasks. The authors say their figures represent not only a characteristic neural functioning of children, but also the use of different strategies but functional as they enable the child to interact with their environment and their cognitive development continue to develop more efficient cognitive strategies without requiring major neural substrate (Konrad et al, 2005).

REFERENCES Baars and Gage 2007

Cognition, Brain and Consciousness, Academic Press,

Konrad, K., Neufang, S., Thiel, CM et al . (2005). Development of attentional networks an fMRI study with Children and adults. Neuroima433ge, 28 (2), 429-439

Dog Ate Whole Loaf Of Bread

Monkey see Monkey do (What the hand makes the following)

talking the other day with some friends told me about a bird that repeats the songs of other birds to impress your potential partner. That bird was so good that even repeated the sounds they made cameras that had ever heard. Then I thought that in nature there are more examples in which different behaviors are imitated. For this topic I used to enter the participation of David Heras Horacio Sandoval Neurocog I present below.

Monkey see Monkey do (What the hand makes the following)

An ability unique among primates, especially human beings is to imitate his fellows, and in some cases its not similar. This we can observe a lot in preschool children in stages (eg imitating the barking dog, the face of father or mother, or Trompitos eyes of the grandparents, then the words and more deployments behavioral own social group they belong) . Imitation is something recurrent in our species, even hobbies include demonstration of the ability to amaze and amuse others. Also mimic becomes a way of learning tasks and acquire new knowledge. But which brain regions or neural substrate is behind this behavioral strategy?

mirror neurons

up

The question asked was answered in part in the 1990's to found a group of neurons called mirror with a specific function or mirror, in the prefrontal cortex and parietal area, through records of electrical activity in the brain of macaques. The name is due to mirror neurons that fire both when an action is exerted on an object, as if there is action on the same subject.

human

And there?

For though you can not prove the existence of mirror neurons directly, as in macaques, we can consider its presence in certain areas, which are activated in response to effects that might result from activity of mirror neurons . For example, the parietal cortex (PC) is thought to contain mirror neurons, because it is an area that has expanded recently in evolution, suggesting they may be important in cognitive functions with social significance, such as imitation. The PC also integrates visual impulses, motor and somatosensory involved in moving objects, and the parietal cortex lesions impair the ability to imitate. Broca's area (AC), although it has had contrasting results may also support this type of neurons, since this area has increased activity in some imitation tasks compared with non-imitation tasks, as demonstrated by stimulation transmagnética (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The superior temporal sulcus (STS), posterior (STSP) is a focal point of stimulation from the motion processing area of \u200b\u200bthe visual cortex and characterization of content via the ventral branch also has a large connection with the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala, also in macaques there are cells in the STS that respond to the view direction of view, face and eye movement. In sum, they believe that mirror neurons are located in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal cortex (in the intraparietal sulcus, IPS), and receive visual impulses from the bark back, through the STS and the temporoparietal junction forming the " mirror neuron system. "

Any speculation about the mirror.

Importantly

Victor Gallese has collected enough data about the functioning of these neurons and regions involved in both macaques and humans, with the "ability to read minds" (but not that they are thinking, not) the framework of the theory of mind (ToM, in English), proposed by Premack and Woodruff in 1978, according to which humans (and probably primates, in context) we have the ability to understand the mental states of others such as beliefs, desires and intentions, and appreciate that differ from ours. Three brain regions would be significantly involved in ToM, the medial prefrontal cortex, the STSP and the temporal pole. In addition, other structures related to empathy (important for ToM) would be the insula and anterior cingulate cortex.

An interesting aspect of ToM is the evolutionary value that would, as this behavior would be conserved across different phylogenetic branches of vertebrates (mostly mammals) that would allow state agencies to predict a mental / behavioral / Cognitive other agencies, which in turn would yield more clues in the world and act accordingly. However despite the various studies in different organisms, from crows to nonhuman primates has been difficult clarify whether different species of human is ToM.

One explanation for Autism

The existence of ToM in humans is unclear and different tests of ToM, as proof of Sally and Ann, or the four cookies (which are based on the false belief of reality) have shown that ToM is developed in humans after 5 years and arguably before age 5 (modified for infants experiments, non-verbal). But in people with brain injuries or who have Autism, this ability is affected.

In terms of autism, a hypothesis that attempts to explain the psychopathology of autism, not without taking into account the implications of its principles, is precisely the "hypothesis of mirror neurons in autism." Some points that help to apply this hypothesis are: 1) ToM can be developed based on an intact function of "comparison of self and non-self." Understanding the intentions of others, in the context of memory allows the retro-diction of memories and associated thoughts. 2) Mirror neurons can function in the comparison of self and non-typical for coding action. Can also encode the relationship between the target and an object, allowing the formation of intentional representations. 3) dysfunction in mirror neurons can explain the echolalia (hyperactivity), and failure to generate imitation in progress, needed to develop ToM.

addition

Rogers and Pennington, and in 1985, suggested that autism was a biological disorder that restricted the ability of children to train and coordinate social representations of themselves, and others, increased levels of complexity, through processes of representation and cross-morphs, which prevents them from imitations and affect their social skills and emotional communication.

Some of the evidence favoring the hypothesis of mirror neurons in psychopathology of autism are studies Nishitani, and Hari Avikainen people with Asperger syndrome (AS, a variant of autism) in which assessed the ability to mimic gestures by electromyography and fMRI, where people with AS had difficulties to imitate the gestures and lower activity in Broca's area. Besides the reduction in the activity of Broca's area is related to the severity of autism. Another was that the registration of transmagnética stimulation of the premotor cortex was involved in children with autism, looking white action, and that this depended on the management how they were presented with the action. Other regions with decreased activity in autism are the temporal lobe, amygdala and the STSP. All these regions comprise the mirror neuron system and in turn support the existence of the ToM.

As we see there is sufficient evidence favoring the existence of mirror neurons in the human brain, its role in understanding the actions of others and their dysfunction in disorders such as autism, but the need for a method need for identification and evaluation of its role in human brain very important. The large number of studies on these neurons are an example of how neurons with a very specific function may have an important role in complex functions such as integration of social knowledge, perceptual, informational and emotional.

References

Phil. Trans. R. Soc B (2007) 362, 659-669

Nature reviews, Neuroscience, volume 3, june 2002, 463-471

Annu Rev Psychol

. 2009, 60:87-113.

Autism Res 2008 Apr; 1 (2) :73-90.

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Think "Think not"

This time I'll upload a letter of Clemens Bauer, Which makes me think that sometimes, the not-think that leaves us thinking.

Think "Think not"

recent neuroimaging studies have identified several brain regions that are metabolically more active during rest or simple "no thinking "and to be deactivated when you start implementing more demanding tasks as it would be paying attention to an image, a mental calculation or reading among many others. This default network brain basal state or network has been functionally linked to the stream of consciousness or multiple thoughts that occur automatically in the absence of activity directed to an end or purpose, ie during the "rest." In other words, while we are not carried out any specific task and feel that we are not resting or thinking about anything, we are actually thinking of "not thinking" and the brain is equal to or more active than when we are really running a cognitive task applicant.

What implications might this have and you can do to really relax the brain?

In a study at the University of Atlanta, Dr. Pagnoni et (Pagnoni, Cekic, & Guo, 2008) investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI for short in English) if mental training through Zen meditation technique has any effect on the baseline network and if there is some difference As for reaction times during a task of conceptual word rocessing. For this meant that the participants should remain in simplified meditation periods, such as attending to breath, while English words interspersed or just an arrangement of letters without meaning. The task was to maintain the meditative state, broken only when words were presented, and DECD if it was a single or just an arrangement of letters. Zen meditators were compared with at least three years experience in healthy volunteers with no experience in mediatación.

The results showed that professionals in Zen meditation, show a significant reduction in the duration of neuronal activity linked to conceptual processing in the basal state network (fig 1), suggesting that meditative training can foster the ability to control the stream of consciousness or thoughts automatic cascade of semantic associations triggered by a stimulus and, by extension, to voluntarily regulate the flow of spontaneous mental activity.

Figure 1. Acividades contrast between words and no words on pooled data from controls against meditators.

The results support the hypothesis that regular practice of Zen meditation enhances the capacity of voluntary regulation of spontaneous mental activity or control the stream of consciousness. The meditators showed a BOLD response (Blood Oxygen depend any level) in regions of the basal state network that is related to the semantics of words or conceptual processing, which was characterized by a greater reduction after stimulation compared with control subjects (see Figure 2). One possible explanation given by the researchers for this finding is that the meditators, given its history of practice, had a greater ability to focus attention on the breath after it has processed and responded to stimuli presented, while control subjects maintained the conceptual processing several seconds after the stimulation and found it hard to return to the task of concentration, ie the automatic mental activity stream of consciousness that occurs can not be stopped so easily. It is interesting to note that the left angular gyrus, a region important in conceptual processing (see Figure 2), we can see that the BOLD signal related to the off drops to a level lower than baseline in the post-stimulus period in meditators (red line). This finding may indicate that the active process of regulating the conceptual processing caused by the stimulus and re-focus on breathing, is more developed and more effective in meditators than in control subjects and that they can temporarily take it below the level the normal baseline.

Figure 2. BOLD response between groups of subjects meditators (red) and controls (blue) and the specific area of \u200b\u200bmeasurement.

These findings largely indicate that the basal state network, és like other networks in the brain susceptible to such top-down modulations, as shown by this study, tends to be less controllable in normal compared with subjects who have had mental training.

It mentioned that there are several studies and reviews (Buckner, Andrews Hanna, & Schacter, 2008, Greicius, Srivastava, Reiss, & Menon, 2004) that link a network malfunction of the baseline with various diseases such as schizophrenia, autism or Alzheimer's disease as it is believed that the network is critical baseline in cognitive functioning and targeted therapies for the modulation of this network could contribute to the understanding, prevention and treatment of such conditions, precisely regulating the activity within this network baseline.

In most meditation techniques, we aim to obtain a mental control and regulation. It seeks to develop a familiarity with voluntary attention directed by the subject often to breath and / or posture. This cognitive effort, but seems to require more energy, actually dims or turns off the network baseline or spontaneous auto attendant and conceptual processing, it that appears as a fail to make the cognitive effort to pay attention. The net difference in energy consumption is decreased, so there is less brain activity really paying attention to the thought of "not thinking." In other words, we can say that meditation is a training to create a process to the care provided will and thus a network off the ground state, which produces a metabolic state of lower energy consumption at the neuronal level.

The adoption of a stable sitting posture in a quiet environment with the mind directed to the breath voluntarily reduce neuronal activity occurring a real mental rest.

Bibliography

Buckner, RL, Andrews Hanna, JR, & Schacter, DL (2008). The brain's default network. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124 (1), 1-38.

Greicius, MD, Srivastava, G., Reiss, AL, & Menon, V. (2004). Default-mode network activity distinguished Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 (13), 4637.

Pagnoni G, Cekic, M., & Guo, Y. (2008). "Thinking about Not-Thinking": Neural Correlates of Conceptual Processing DURING Zen meditation. PLoS One, 3 (9), e3083. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003083

Finally

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The chosen. Up or down

The rumor

that I was lazy unproductive

lying under the tree,

reached the ears of God.

And though I never asked

half cup of sugar

any of my neighbors

to sweeten my position,

the top wanted to take Me

putting the neighborhood

in my consciousness.

is true that with anyone I have crumbs,

but it is also true

that have bothered anyone.

I just loved a tree

the fruit of his shadow,

that that the sun

place changed me.

And does a tree is not a soul?.

But, for my sake and others,

should stand up and repeat

threat

hung on them. Except

the minimum greeting

and prestige on the floor, nothing

I joined their causes.

My people always

people ever,

errors always

anything important for a vague

sleeping. ****

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not waste time.

Amid nothing, except

some

towers reminiscent of some myths.

Who has seen the above,

or below?.

Fame

rest was reduced

also fifteen minutes.

Enough, enough

. ****