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of how our guys enlighten us on (or at least functional study day!).

father always when you walk around busy, tired, angry, or any of those ADOS and you find your partner, your family or your buddies merely looking for you to get you out of the hole for whatever reason.

Can this be investigated?

That feeling when you see these people close to you is probably the product of a very complicated set of social information processing that occur in the brain. Well a group of researchers led by Randy Buckner and including M. Fenna Krien and Pei-Chi Tu (which is good that does not work in these parts, because they would name a mere little chest several of the students I know ....) Undertook the task of investigating whether there was a difference between processing that the brain makes between people close to us versus strangers. The study was published in the Journal of Neuroscience in October this year.

The answer seems very simple if not because you would think that maybe our brains respond to our guys because we're related to. However, these researchers were given the task of designing biographies seem really strange related to us, so we can compare between friends brain activations related to us, but friends who were our buddies were not related (eg, a PAN with a friend PRI or PRD), or unusual related or unrelated strangers.

What did they do?

For the study if it is very complicated, because the design includes many variables and comparisons. For example, in trials investigating from comparisons between volunteers and people like George W. Bush to camparison between you and your real notebooks. But anyway, the summary findings seem to suggest that our brain (or at least regions line medial prefrontal cortex) responds with greater activity when processing information from our people close to when we process information from strangers, these are more akin to us. This would suggest that such processes would facilitate the assessment of how relevant, or how significant our person is an individual in our social context, which could help us implement appropriate behaviors to themselves and others.

Practice Areas of brain activation during the comparison between judgments about self or about a public personality. The circles denote the frontal areas the midline as described in the study.

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What if they had been women?

a couple of years ago published a study that assessed whether women and men respond differently to environments with very high population densities. Ie if I live very crowded resulted in different responses between men and women. Dr Wendy Regoeczy of Cleveland State University reported that in fact, it seems in general women are more likely to be depressed, while men are more likely to withdraw, and according to this author, there is no evidence that men become more aggressive, even if it describes that there are some individuals who become more aggressive and withdrawn (Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2008).

Well, actually, this study focused the effect of living in cities with high population density, and not necessarily the situations faced by the now famous miners in Chile, where yes there was a high density, but rather because they are locked in a small space inside a mine.

gender differences.

But what would happen if the miners had been women rather than men?, Well, hard to imagine!, But what has been observed is that women respond differently than men in situations of stress. In a study published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, JJ Wang and his coworkers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, found that a simple task involving counting numbers produced back stress responses that were different in men and women . While men favored the typical responses of "fight or flight" in females produced responses that tend to induce group cohesion. Why suggest this? Well, because men found a better correlation between the release of cortisol (which is a measure of stress) with activation of the prefrontal cortex obtained with fMRI, while women showed activation is rather the limbic system, which is more associated with emotions. This difference between men and women has been found in several studies, for example, Shelley E. Taylor of the University of California, reported in Psychological Review in 2000, under stress women release oxytocin, which encourages conduct relating to childcare, and the willingness to strengthen friendly ties with other women, behaviors turn tend to reduce stress.

Areas of brain activation in men and women under stress conditions

And speaking of emotions, the initial excitement of the audience was captivated by the story of the miners was delight, however, surely a time to cool this emotion will other aspects that may be worthy of study under the microscope of the social sciences for understanding the dynamics that occurred not only among these miners trapped for many days, but that of their friends and family and the millions of people that followed the event on television.

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The social benefit, or how to stimulate dopamine without leaning too personal.

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Empathy and the hurricane.

in delivery of the last week I talked about altruism in order to try to explain why there were people who would freely help communities affected by the hurricane. One comment I received was that I was forgetting monumentally another aspect that could help us understand that generosity, and empathy was. Actually cost me nothing to accept work that empathy with our fellow citizens affected could be a factor in warning us to help them. But what is empathy? One could say that empathy is basically step into the shoes of others. According to Frans de Waal, a professor in the Psychology Department of Emory University (Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy, Annual Review of Psychology, 2008) is empathy: the ability a) share and be affected by the emotional state of another, b) assess the status of the other reasons, and c) identify with the other, taking their perspective.

How does empathy?

According to de Waal empathy has two sides, one is the cognitive, whereby one adopts the other's views by imagining yourself in the place of another person, and recalling our own experiences to give meaning to the other. And the other side is the emotional connection, which would explain how empathy develops, as when a baby is affected by the mood of the people around you, or as some animals that are passed each other emotional states and are able to respond appropriately to them. That is why it is not enough that one can see the other's perspective, but also must have an emotional connection, otherwise it can not be called empathy.

A very interesting example of de Waal is the behavioral phenomenon of consolation, which is defined as providing support body contact other individuals in distress. I guess most of us have seen as a third party comes to an individual who just lost, and consoles him patting him on the back and shoulders. Well de Waal has observed this behavior in chimpanzees, but not in monkeys, suggesting the chimps might be able to capture the perspective of their peers, showing traits of empathy.

In the picture you can see a young chimpanzee comforting another chimpanzee that had recently been defeated in a Alterac with another of his peers. Photo by Frans de Waal.

Well, once it was clear this important issue, now if I promise to write the next installment on the neural basis of these processes so important to our brain takes place.

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Good to know ...

A short term

a small discount,

is all we can aspire.

is good to know,

the top of

river is not the whole river

and the cries of fools

die in your mouth fool,

and that the only permanent

is the weight of silent worship,

as the bottom of river

only trace of the past.

is good to know,

the face can be sculpted

and harden,

to put beachfront

as a figurehead

powered by storms. ****

An old truck driver,

front of an old wine,

once told me,

that man

was cheaper replacement.

Hunger, cold, thirst,

demons do not know.

My fury travel by other diversions.

Good to know. ****